When is individual accountability still necessary?

Individual liability may be necessary in the event of intentional harmful conduct, deliberate sabotage, deception or serious and culpable disregard of a clear risk. Even then, the judgment must follow from facts, hearing both sides, knowable rules and a proportionate response.

The effect of an action is not enough to establish culpability. A small mistake can accidentally cause major damage, while reckless behavior sometimes ends without damage. A Just Culture therefore assesses the behavior and context, not just luck or bad luck in the outcome.