How is Just Culture different from psychological safety?

Psychological safety means that people in a team dare to take interpersonal risks: asking a question, expressing doubt, admitting a mistake or giving a different opinion. Just Culture is more specific about what the organization then does with a report or event: how it investigates, assesses behavior, protects reporters, distributes responsibility and implements improvements.

The concepts reinforce each other, but are not the same. A pleasant team without clear and consistent assessment is not yet Just Culture. Conversely, a good policy document does not work if people do not dare to speak out in practice. Research into psychological safety mentions inclusive leadership, support and a learning orientation as important conditions. See this systematic review.